The accelerating integration of digital technologies, automation, and artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the construction sector and enabling the transition toward intelligent, data-driven, and human-centric workflows consistent with the principles of Industry 5.0. Against this background, the present study investigates how advanced construction technologies—such as robotics, additive manufacturing, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Digital Twin environments, and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)—can support the digital transformation of building construction. The objective is to assess the potential of these technologies to improve precision, efficiency, sustainability, and lifecycle performance, while identifying the regulatory, ethical, and engineering challenges relevant to their implementation in the Bulgarian context. The research employs a systematic synthesis of engineering and managerial solutions, combining analytical review, comparative evaluation of international standards, and conceptual modeling of integrated intelligent construction frameworks. Through this approach, the study examines machine learning methods for material optimization, predictive modeling, and real-time monitoring, as well as the role of digital twins in establishing continuous feedback loops between design, execution, and lifecycle management. The results indicate that robotic automation can increase dimensional accuracy to within 3 mm, additive manufacturing can reduce construction waste by 50–60% and shorten execution time by up to 40%, while AI-based monitoring significantly improves damage detection and predictive maintenance reliability. These findings demonstrate that intelligent systems enhance, rather than replace, engineering decision-making and contribute to more transparent, adaptive, and sustainable construction processes. Overall, the study concludes that the successful adoption of Industry 5.0 principles in construction requires not only technological readiness but also supportive regulatory frameworks, ethical guidelines, and coordinated national strategies. Bulgaria possesses substantial potential for such transformation, provided that pilot initiatives, digital standards, and interdisciplinary collaboration are actively developed.